\[\boxed{\mathbf{12}\mathbf{.}}\]
\[\textbf{а)}\ y = \cos x + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}x\]
\[y^{'} = - \sin x + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2};\]
\[- \sin x + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} = 0\]
\[\sin x = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\]
\[x_{1} = \frac{\pi}{3} + 2\pi n;\]
\[x_{2} = \frac{2\pi}{3} + 2\pi n.\]
\[\textbf{б)}\ y = 2\sin x + \sqrt{2}x\]
\[y^{'} = 2\cos x + \sqrt{2};\]
\[2\cos x + \sqrt{2} = 0\]
\[2\cos x = - \sqrt{2}\]
\[\cos x = - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\]
\[x_{1} = \frac{3\pi}{4} + 2\pi n;\]
\[x_{2} = \frac{5\pi}{4} + 2\pi n.\ \]