\[\boxed{\mathbf{1.}}\]
\[\textbf{а)}\ 708 \cdot 260 \approx 700 \cdot 300 \approx\]
\[\approx 210\ 000\ \]
\[\textbf{б)}\ 9056 \cdot 70\ 500 \approx\]
\[\approx 9000 \cdot 70\ 000 \approx 630\ 000\ 000\]
\[\boxed{\mathbf{2.}}\]
\[\textbf{а)}\ 518\ 560\ :7 \approx 490\ 000\ :7 \approx\]
\[\approx 70\ 000\]
\[\textbf{б)}\ 3\ 123\ 840\ :80 \approx\]
\[\approx 3\ 200\ 000\ :80 \approx\]
\[\approx 320\ 000\ :8 \approx 40\ 000\]
\[\boxed{\mathbf{3.}}\]
\[4 \cdot y - 5 \cdot x\ (рублей) - кг\ риса\ \]
\[дороже\ кг\ гречки.\]
\[\boxed{\mathbf{4.}}\]
\[(15 - x\ :60) \cdot 30 = 270\]
\[15 - x\ :60 = 270\ :30\]
\[15 - x\ :60 = 9\]
\[x\ :60 = 15 - 9\]
\[x\ :60 = 6\]
\[x = 6 \cdot 60\]
\[x = 360.\]
\[\boxed{\mathbf{5.}}\]
\[8,\ 15,\ 16,\ 30,\ 32,\ 60,\ 64,\ \]
\[120,\ 128,\ 240,\ 256.\]