\[\boxed{\mathbf{879\ (879).\ }Еуроки\ - \ ДЗ\ без\ мороки}\]
\[S_{3} = 516;\ \ b_{1} = 12\]
\[S_{3} = \frac{b_{1}\left( q^{3} - 1 \right)}{q - 1} =\]
\[= \frac{b_{1}(q - 1)\left( q^{2} + q + 1 \right)}{(q - 1)} =\]
\[= b_{1}\left( q^{2} + q + 1 \right) = 516\]
\[12 \cdot \left( q^{2} + q + 1 \right) =\]
\[= 516\ \ \ \ |\ \ :12\]
\[q^{2} + q + 1 = 43,\ \ \]
\[q^{2} + q - 42 = 0\]
\[q_{1} + q_{2} = - 1,\ \ q_{1} = - 7\]
\[q_{1}q_{2} = - 42,\ \ q_{2} = 6\]
\[Ответ:\ q = - 7\ \ или\ \ q = \ 6.\]