\[1)\ \frac{\sin{\left( \frac{\pi}{4} + a \right) - \cos\left( \frac{\pi}{4} + a \right)}}{\sin{\left( \frac{\pi}{4} + a \right) + \cos\left( \frac{\pi}{4} + a \right)}} =\]
\[= \frac{\sqrt{2}\sin a}{\sqrt{2}\cos a} = tg\ a.\]
\[2)\ \frac{\sin a + 2\sin\left( \frac{\pi}{3} - a \right)}{2\cos\left( \frac{\pi}{6} - a \right) - \sqrt{3}\cos a} =\]
\[= \frac{\sin a + \sqrt{3}\cos a - \sin a}{\sqrt{3}\cos a + \sin a - \sqrt{3}\cos a} =\]
\[= \frac{\sqrt{3} \bullet \cos a}{\sin a} = \sqrt{3}\text{\ ctg\ a}.\]
\[3)\ \frac{tg\ \alpha + tg\ \beta}{ctg\ \alpha + ctg\ \beta} =\]
\[= (tg\ \alpha + tg\ \beta)\ :\left( \frac{1}{\text{tg\ α}} + \frac{1}{\text{tg\ β}} \right) =\]
\[= (tg\ \alpha + tg\ \beta)\ :\frac{tg\ \beta + tg\ \alpha}{tg\ \alpha \bullet tg\ \beta} =\]
\[= tg\ \alpha \bullet tg\ \beta.\]
\[= 2\sin^{2}a + 2\cos^{2}a =\]
\[= 2 \bullet \left( \sin^{2}a + \cos^{2}a \right) = 2 \bullet 1 = 2.\]