\[- 3a^{2}y - 12y^{2} =\]
\[= - 3y\left( a^{2} + \frac{12}{3}y \right) =\]
\[= - 3y(a^{2} + 4y)\]
\[Проверка:\]
\[- 3y\left( a^{2} + 4y \right) = - 3a^{2}y - 12y^{2}\ \]
\[- 3a^{2}y - 12y^{2} = - 3a^{2}y - 12y^{2}\]
\[верно.\]