\[\boxed{\mathbf{12}\mathbf{.}}\]
\[\textbf{а)}\ 47 + 4 - 1 = 51 - 1 = 50\]
\[47 - 4 + 7 = 43 + 7 = 50\]
\[\textbf{б)}\ 39 - (16 + 8) = 39 - 24 = 15\]
\[39 - 16 + 8 = 23 + 8 = 31\]
\[67 - 13 + 28 = 54 + 28 = 82\]
\[67 - (13 + 28) = 67 - 41 = 26\]