\[\boxed{\mathbf{31}\mathbf{.}}\]
\[\textbf{а)}\ 47 + 10 = 57\]
\[47 - 10 = 37\]
\[\textbf{б)}\ 72 + 10 - 1 = 82 - 1 = 81\]
\[49 + 1 - 10 = 50 - 10 = 40\]
\[81 - 1 - 1 - 1 = 80 - 1 - 1 =\]
\[= 79 - 1 = 78\]
\[58 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 58 + 2 + 1 =\]
\[= 60 + 1 = 61\]