\[\boxed{\mathbf{1.}}\]
\[\textbf{а)}\ 8 \cdot 4 = 32\]
\[32\ :8 = 4\]
\[32\ :4 = 8\]
\[\textbf{б)}\ a + 5 = b\]
\[b - 5 = a\]
\[b - a = 5\]
\[\boxed{\mathbf{2.}}\]
\[674 + x = 400\ 030\]
\[x = 400\ 030 - 674\]
\[x = 399\ 356.\]
\[Проверка:\]
\[674 + 399\ 356 = 400\ 030\]
\[400\ 030 = 400\ 030.\]
\[\boxed{\mathbf{3.}}\]
\[40 \cdot 2500 = 100\ 000\]
\[40 \cdot 1 = 40\]
\[40 \cdot 600 = 24\ 000\]
\[123\ 600 = 40 \cdot 3090\]
\[40 \cdot 0 = 0\]
\[40 \cdot 7000 = 280\ 000\]
\[40 \cdot 1040 = 41\ 600\]
\[320 = 40 \cdot 8\]
\[\boxed{\mathbf{4.}}\]
\[\textbf{а)}\ 0 \cdot a = 0\]
\[при\ a - любое\ число.\]
\[\textbf{б)}\ b + 3 > b + 4\]
\[нет\ таких\ b.\]
\[\textbf{в)}\ 5 \cdot (x - 2) = 0\]
\[при\ x = 2.\]
\[\textbf{г)}\ y + 6 < 10\]
\[при\ y = 0;1;2;3.\ \]
\[\boxed{\mathbf{5.}}\]
\[\left\{ 40;44;47;70;74;77 \right\}.\]