\[\boxed{\mathbf{23.}}\]
\[\textbf{а)}\ \varphi(x) = \frac{f(x) + f( - x)}{2}\]
\[\varphi( - x) = \frac{f( - x) + f\left( - ( - x) \right)}{2} =\]
\[= \frac{f( - x) + f(x)}{2} = \varphi(x).\]
\[Функция\ четная.\]
\[\textbf{б)}\ \omega(x) = \frac{f(x) - f( - x)}{2}\]
\[\omega( - x) = \frac{f( - x) - f\left( - ( - x) \right)}{2} =\]
\[= \frac{f( - x) - f(x)}{2} =\]
\[= - \frac{f(x) - f( - x)}{2} = - \omega(x).\]
\[Функция\ нечетная.\]