\[\boxed{\mathbf{23}\mathbf{.}}\]
\[S = 30.\]
\[1)\ b_{1},\ если\ q = \frac{1}{5}\ :\]
\[S = \frac{b_{1}}{1 - q} = 30;\]
\[\frac{b_{1}}{1 - \frac{1}{5}} = 30;\]
\[b_{1}\ :\frac{4}{5} = 30;\]
\[b_{1} = 30 \bullet \frac{4}{5} = 6 \bullet 4 = 24;\]
\[Ответ:\ \ 24.\]
\[2)\ q,\ если\ b_{1} = 20\ :\]
\[S = \frac{b_{1}}{1 - q} = 30;\]
\[\frac{20}{1 - q} = 30;\]
\[20 = 30(1 - q);\]
\[20 = 30 - 30q;\]
\[30q = 10;\]
\[q = \frac{10}{30} = \frac{1}{3};\]
\[Ответ:\ \ \frac{1}{3}.\]