\[\boxed{\mathbf{172}.}\]
\[1)\ a_{1} = - 3;\ \ d = 5:\]
\[a_{8} = a_{1} + d(n - 1) = - 3 +\]
\[+ 5 \cdot (8 - 1) = - 3 + 35 = 32.\]
\[2)\ a_{1} = 4;\ \ d = - 0,5:\]
\[a_{15} = a_{1} + d(n - 1) = 4 -\]
\[- 0,5 \cdot 14 = 4 - 7 = - 3.\]